Shubha Ghosh: IP Federalism

In his new piece, Short-Circuiting Contract Law: The Federal Circuit's Contract Law Jurisprudence and IP Federalism, Shubha Ghosh discusses what he sees as the Federal Circuit's inappropriate encroachment on state contract laws respecting intellectual property rights, especially patent rights.  In doing so, Ghosh joins many other scholars in addressing the fascinating topic of IP and federalism, including Mark Lemley, Paul Goldstein, Paul Heald, John Shepard Wiley, Douglas Lichtman, Xuan-Thao Nguyen, Jeanne Fromer, Paul Gugliuzza, and myself.  (Notably, Gugliuzza recently made a similar argument to Ghosh that the Federal Circuit has inappropriately impeded state courts from influencing the patent system with their own laws, blogged on here.) 

Follow @PatentScholar for IP Updates During Light Blogging

Due to my current job, my blogging will continue to be light until July or August, when I will begin a permanent academic position. But I continue to Tweet as @PatentScholar about new IP papers posted to SSRN and other IP news (such as updates on Supreme Court patent cases, which are also tracked on this blog). Yale ISP Fellow Camilla Hrdy will also continue to blog here. If you are interested in guest posting, email me (lisa.ouellette@aya.yale.edu). And stay posted for more information about the Yale ISP Innovation Law Beyond IP conference, which will involve blog posts from a terrific array of presenters. Happy holiday patents!

Sichelman & O'Connor: Can Patents Promote Competition?

In the standard modern account, patents, because they provide the opportunity for market power, "tend to dampen competition."  However, in their fascinating article, Patents As Promoters of Competition: The Guild Origins of Patent Law in the Venetian Republic, Ted Sichelman and Sean O'Connor argue that patents evolved in the Venetian Republic as a way for the government to recruit foreign artisans who otherwise could not effectively compete in trades dominated by the Venetian guilds, particularly in the wool and silk industries.

Trademarks & Innovation

I haven't had much time for blogging recently, though as new IP papers pop up on SSRN, I have been posting links on Twitter as @PatentScholar. But since I am thinking about the relationship between trademarks and innovation for one of my current research projects, I thought I would highlight four related papers that were posted in the last few months.

Lee: Patents and the University

How do universities treat patents, and how does patent law treat universities?

These are the main questions addressed by Peter Lee, Professor of Law at University of California, Davis, in his new article, "Patents and the University," forthcoming in the Duke Law Journal. Lee has written several articles on the effects of patents on university research and a more recent article examining the role of patents in university-industry technology transfer. Now Lee provides a comprehensive history of the relations between patents and universities, generally. In Lee's telling, this relationship is characterized by two parallel developments: increased use of patents by universities, on the one hand, and "internalization" of universities and university research into patent law, on the other.

Cultural Cognition of Patents

I just posted a new essay, Cultural Cognition of Patents, which is forthcoming in IP Theory. Here is the abstract:

Simply making empirical progress is not always enough to influence policy, as demonstrated by the polarized public discourse over issues ranging from climate change to gun control. The current discourse over patents appears to have a similar pathology, in which cultural values—such as respect for strong property rights or concern about limiting access to knowledge—shape priors and affect the weight given to new information, such that advocates and policymakers on both sides of the patent wars often fail to acknowledge the ambiguity of existing evidence. In this Essay, I suggest that the “cultural cognition” framework might help scholars to understand this value-based division and to study ways to design and communicate patent experiments so that the resulting knowledge has the impact it should.

Nicholson Price II: Making Do in Making Drugs

"M&M chocolate candies are made with a precision far beyond the capabilities of many drug manufacturers." This is the intriguing opening to a thorough critique of innovation in pharmaceutical manufacturing by Nicholson Price II (Petrie-Flom Fellow), Making Do in Making Drugs: Innovation Policy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (forthcoming in B.C. L. Rev.). Although drug discovery "is the focus of a calibrated innovation policy," Price argues that drug manufacturing is typically inefficient and non-innovative for two reasons: high regulatory barriers, on the one hand, and ineffective intellectual-property incentives, on the other.

Kitch & O'Connor: Should Crowdfunding Be Regulated?

"I think I'm here because I wrote an article called The Nature and Function of the Patent System..." This is how Edmund Kitch, Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, began his talk at a lively panel I attended on Thursday, September 12 at "The Commercial Function of Patents in Today's Innovation Economy," the inaugural academic conference on intellectual property at George Mason University School of Law's new Center for Protection of Intellectual Property (CPIP). Kitch, of course, was referring to his famous article on the role of patents in facilitating commercialization and efficient coordination of research. But patents were not Kitch's topic. Instead, Kitch was here to talk about what he sees as another important mechanism for facilitating commercialization of new ideas and business models: crowd funding.

Top 10 New IP Paper Downloads

Here's an updated list of the most downloaded IP papers that were posted on SSRN in the past 60 days (and I'm happy to be at #4!):

Moretti & Wilson: Do State Incentives for Innovation Work?

Do state incentives for innovation work? As I recently discussed in a short presentation at IP Scholars on August 8, state and local incentives for innovation, from R&D tax credits to competitive awards for research or commercialization, have become increasingly common as states attempt to build regional "clusters" of innovation like Silicon Valley. Due to the importance of proximity and localized knowledge spillovers in generating innovation, in theory, state and local innovation incentives that result in self-sustaining "clusters" of innovation could have significant effects on patenting activity and other measures of innovation.

Introducing New Blogger: Camilla Hrdy

I am delighted to welcome Camilla Hrdy as a new Written Description blogger for the coming year. Camilla is a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Yale Law School Information Society Project, and her research has focused on the role of state and local governments as generators of innovation policy—including the provocative argument that U.S. states can and should offer state patents as a way of incentivizing local innovation and promoting experimentation and bottom-up patent reform. I look forward to hearing her thoughts on recent (or classic) IP and innovation scholarship!

Gugliuzza: How far will the Federal Circuit go?

Does the Federal Circuit really ignore patent policy, as many of the court's judges have claimed?  In The Federal Circuit as a Federal Court, 54 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1791 (2013), Paul R. Gugliuzza describes the Federal Circuit's tendency for self-aggrandizement in its relationships with state courts, the PTO, district courts, and regional circuits.  In each of these relationships, Gugliuzza argues, the Federal Circuit has consolidated power by the citing objectives of uniformity and expert adjudication in patent law.

Merges: Classic Patent Scholarship

The next contribution to the Classic Patent Scholarship Project is from Professor Robert Merges at Berkeley Law, another giant in intellectual property law. Merges has authored a number of articles that have already made the "classics" list, as well as others that deserve to be there; for example, Contracting into Liability Rules: Intellectual Property Rights and Collective Rights Organizations, 84 Calif. L. Rev. 1293 (1996), provides an early discussion of transaction costs in IP thickets that is highly relevant to contemporary problems such as "royalty stacking" in the mobile phone wars. Merges also has recently written Justifying Intellectual Property (which was subject to a terrific book club over at PrawfsBlawg), and he is well known to law students as the author of popular intellectual property and internet law casebooks. Here is his list of classics, "some well known and others that may have been lost in the mists of time." There are many suggestions here that have not been mentioned by any of the prior contributors, which I will add to the compiled list.

New IP Scholarship on SSRN

There are far more interesting IP papers posted than I have time to read carefully and blog about, so I thought I'd just highlight some recently posted papers that caught my eye (which I have also tweeted):

Ford on Invalidity vs. Noninfringement

I'm in NYC for the IP Scholars Conference (IPSC) at Cardozo Law, and one of the (many) article presentations I'm really looking forward to is Patent Invalidity Versus Noninfringement (forthcoming in the Cornell Law Review), by Roger Ford (Bigelow Fellow at Chicago, @rford). Ford argues that patent defendants are more likely to argue noninfringement than invalidity, and that this imbalance exacerbates the problem of bad patents. This article is well worth a look, both because it is a fun read (peppered with examples from actual patents) and, more importantly, because the basic insight seems right.